IMPORTANT: An old retired stand of alfalfa must be controlled prior to the planting of a field crop. Ideally this decision can be made in the fall so that the old stand can be tilled with a moldboard plough. If ploughing is not an option or if using a minimum till cropping system, a 3 year study by the University of Guelph demonstrated that an early spring application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) + 2,4-D Ester (564 g/L) at 0.5 L/ac (1.25 L/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.5% v/v provided the most consistent control of alfalfa compared to both fall and spring applications of other treatments. Only corn can be planted after a spring application of this treatment.

In limited comparative trials postemergence applications of dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) at 0.5 L/ac (1.25 L/ha), dicamba/atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN) at 1.5 L/ac (3.75 L/ha) and DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) have provided suppression of volunteer alfalfa. When either dicamba, dicamba/atrazine or DISTINCT is tank-mixed with ACCENT, OPTION or ULTIM, control of volunteer alfalfa is improved.

Expectation for control: 70–75%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, glyphosate can be tank-mixed with either dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) or dicamba/atrazine products (e.g. MARKSMAN). The co-pack called GALAXY 2 (glyphosate + ULTIM) has also demonstrated reasonably good control of volunteer alfalfa.

Expectation for control: 70–80%

If fall herbicide applications have not been made in reduced tilled soybeans, then the tank-mix of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) + AMITROL 240 at 1.68 L/ac (4.2 L/ha) applied 10–14 days preplant provides the best control of alfalfa.

Expectation for control: 75–85%

Once soybeans have emerged, volunteer alfalfa is virtually impossible to control. REFLEX or BLAZER will burn the leaf tissue of volunteer alfalfa but the plants will grow out of the injury in 2–3 weeks. Volunteer alfalfa is tolerant to all other postemergence soybean herbicides.

Expectation for control: 40–50%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, control of volunteer alfalfa is listed on the ROUNDUP WEATHERMAX (540 g/L) label when applied at a rate of 1.87 L/ac (4.67 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 70–80%

In limited comparative trial work, cereal herbicides containing dichlorprop/2,4-D (e.g. ESTAPROP XT, TURBOPROP) provided the best suppression of volunteer alfalfa.

Expectation for control: 60–70%

In limited comparative trials, postemergence applications of dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) at 0.5 L/ac (1.25 L/ha) or DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) have provided the most consistent control of emerged field bindweed.

Expectation for control: 75–85%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, sequential applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) applied at the 2–3 leaf stage of corn and then again at the 7–8 leaf stage of corn to emerged field bindweed provided the most consistent level of control. Alternatively, a single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) provided comparable control to the sequential applications.

Expectation for control: 75–85%

In glufosinate tolerant ("Liberty Link") corn, suppression of top growth can be achieved when LIBERTY is applied twice, to emerged field bindweed. The first application typically being at the 3 leaf stage of corn and at a rate of 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) followed by a second application at the 7–8 leaf stage of corn at a rate of 0.8 L/ac (2 L/ha). Alternatively you could tank-mix LIBERTY with dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) and apply once to emerged field bindweed between the 2–6 leaf stage of corn.

Postemergence applications of BLAZER at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or BASAGRAN FORTE at 0.9 L/ac (2.25 L/ha) can burn back the foliage of field bindweed when applied during periods of high heat, high humidity and adequate soil moisture. However, field bindweed will grow back.

Expectation for control: 40–50%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, sequential applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) applied at the 1st trifoliate stage of soybean and then again at the 4th trifoliate stage of soybean to emerged field bindweed provided the most consistent level of control. Alternatively, a single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) provided comparable control to the sequential applications.

Expectation for control: 75–85%

The challenge with field bindweed control in cereal crops is that the weed often emerges after the appropriate crop stage for herbicide applications. In winter wheat some producers have had success in applying bromoxynil/MCPA in the fall to suppress field bindweed growth the following spring. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce field bindweed is with either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1.5 L/ac (3.75 L/ha) after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after field bindweed has re-grown. Both application timings will decrease the level of field bindweed to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if field bindweed is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.

Refer to management strategies for ALFALFA, page 2 as they apply equally to Black medick.

Sequential applications provide the most consistent level of control. Either CONVERGE XT or PRIMEXTRA II MAGNUM should be applied preemergence followed by a postemergence application of bromoxynil (e.g. PARDNER) + AATREX 480 or CALLISTO + AATREX 480. Bromoxynil + AATREX 480 is best applied when bur cucumber is at the 4–6 leaf stage of growth.

Expectation for control: 85–90%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, the most consistent bur cucumber control has been achieved when glyphosate (360 g/L) is applied twice to emerged bur cucumber, with the first application occurring at the 2–3 leaf stage of corn and the second at the 7–8 leaf stage of corn. Bur cucumber at the 4–6 leaf stage requires a glyphosate (360 g/L) rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) to provide adequate control.

Expectation for control: 85–90%

Sequential applications provide the most consistent level of control. In comparative trials the best control of bur cucumber was achieved when SENCOR 75DF was applied preemergence at 0.6 kg/ac (1.5 kg/ha) followed by an application of either CLASSIC at 14 g/ac (35 g/ha) with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v or PINNACLE SG at 4.8 g/ac (12 g/ha) with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.1% v/v to bur cucumber at the 4–6 leaf stage of growth.

Expectation for control: 75–80%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, sequential applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) applied at the 1st trifoliate stage of soybean and then again at the 4th trifoliate stage of soybean provided the most consistent level of control. Bur cucumber at the 4–6 leaf stage requires a glyphosate (360 g/L) rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) to provide adequate control.

Expectation for control: 85–90%

Typically not found in winter cereals as the crop produces enough ground cover to inhibit the germination of this summer annual weed. Cereal herbicides have not been evaluated. However in field corn, the active ingredient bromoxynil has shown to have reasonable activity on bur cucumber, therefore cereal herbicides that contain bromoxynil (e.g. BUCTRIL M, INFINITY) should provide some control of this species in cereals.

In comparative trials postemergence applications of DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) has provided excellent control of Canada thistle. Other herbicides like dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) or dicamba/atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN) also have good activity on Canada thistle. CALLISTO + AATREX 480 will provide suppression.

Expectation for control (with DISTINCT): 90% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, target actively growing Canada thistle at the rosette stage and no larger then 50 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha). It is not advisable to tank-mix DISTINCT + glyphosate because of increased risk of crop injury.

Expectation for control: 90% top growth control

Consistent control of Canada thistle is difficult to obtain in non-GMO (conventional) soybeans. In comparative trials CLEANSWEEP, BLAZER, PURSUIT or REFLEX + TURBOCHARGE were all capable of providing acceptable levels of top growth control when low populations of Canada thistle were present. However, all 4 products are inconsistent in their ability to deliver acceptable control with the most consistent product being CLEANSWEEP.

Expectation for control: 55–90% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, target actively growing Canada thistle at the rosette stage and no larger then 50 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 90% top growth control

The challenge with Canada thistle control in cereal crops is that the weed often emerges after the appropriate crop stage for herbicide applications. If emerged prior to the flag leaf stage of cereals, dichlorprop/2,4-D, TROPHY and MCPA Ester have provided the best top growth control. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce Canada thistle is with either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1.5 L/ac (3.75 L/ha) after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after Canada thistle has re-grown to 20–25 cm. Both application timings will decrease the level of Canada thistle to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if Canada thistle is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION: Scentless chamomile is extremely difficult to control once in its second year of growth. Successful management of this species relies on removing newly germinated plants. Since this species germinates and emerges in both the fall and spring, effective management must be initiated during both those emergence periods. Experience has shown that trying to control fall germinated scentless chamomile with selective herbicides in the spring often results in poor performance. Established plants are best controlled in the fall with either glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) or tillage with a moldboard plough.

Control prior to planting is essential. Given the large fibrous root mass of 2nd year and older plants, only the moldboard plough is an effective tillage method for control. Herbicide control is best obtained with preplant applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha). Any postemergence herbicides tested in comparative trials did not adequately control scentless chamomile.

Expectation for control: 80–90%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, preplant applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) provide the best level of control. It is advisable not to wait until corn has emerged to apply glyphosate as this weed will only get larger and more difficult to control.

Expectation for control: 80–90%

Use the same strategy as for corn (conventional). None of the postemergence herbicides in soybeans have achieved more than 45% visual control. BLAZER at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) is the most active on scentless chamomile.

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, preplant applications of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) provide the best level of control. It is advisable not to wait until soybeans have emerged to apply glyphosate as this weed will only get larger and more difficult to control.

Expectation for control: 90% top growth control

In winter wheat a "two application" system works best whereby the first herbicide is applied in the fall to emerged winter wheat and the second application is made in the spring during the tillering to first node stage of winter wheat. In comparative trials, REFINE SG, REFINE M and bromoxynil/MCPA have all provided good control of scentless chamomile, provided it is no bigger than the 6 leaf stage of growth. Therefore, one strategy to achieve optimum control of fall germinated scentless chamomile would be to apply bromoxynil/MCPA in the fall and then REFINE SG in the spring if spring germinated seedlings are present.

IMPORTANT: A lush stand of red clover, either as a cover or forage crop must be controlled in the fall if the intention is to plant a field crop in the spring. If one waits until the spring to control a stand of red clover, the level of control will not be as good and it will take that thick biomass at least 3–4 weeks to decompose enough to make a suitable seedbed. A fall moldboard plough is the only type of tillage that effectively buries a red clover stand. For minimum till cropping systems, a fall application of glyphsoate (360 g/L) at 1.5 L/ac + either dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) at 0.25 L/ac (0.625 L/ha) or DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) is the most effective way to remove a red clover stand.

If glyphsoate + dicamba was not applied in the fall, then it should be applied in the spring 2 weeks prior to corn planting.

If red clover plants have escaped tillage treatments, such volunteer plants can be controlled with postemergence applications of either dicamba (e.g BANVEL II) at 0.25 L/ac (0.625 L/ha), or DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha). When these broadleaf herbicides are tank-mixed with either ACCENT, OPTION or ULTIM, control of volunteer red clover is improved. CALLISTO + AATREX 480 when applied postemergence can also provide good control of volunteer red clover.

Expectation for control: 95%

If glyphsoate + dicamba was not applied in the fall, then it should be applied in the spring 2 weeks prior to corn planting.

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, glyphosate could be used at a lower use rate and tank-mixed with either dicamba or dicamba/atrazine products.

Expectation for control: 95%

In reduced tilled soybeans without any fall control of red clover, the tank-mix of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) + AMITROL 240 at 1.68 L/ac (4.2 L/ha) applied 10–14 days preplant provides the best control of red clover.

Expectation for control: 85–90%

Once soybeans have emerged, red clover is virtually impossible to control. REFLEX or BLAZER will burn the leaf tissue of red clover but the plants will grow out of the injury in 2–3 weeks. Red clover is tolerant to all other postemergence soybean herbicides.

Expectation for control: 40–50%

In reduced tilled soybeans without any fall control of red clover, the tank-mix of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) + AMITROL 240 at 1.68 L/ac (4.2 L/ha) applied 10–14 days preplant provides the best control of red clover.

Expectation for control: 85–90%

If red clover escapes the preplant treatment above and is present in emerged glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybeans, glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1.5 L/ac (3.75 L/ha) should provide adequate control.

Expectation for control: 80–85%

The under-seeding of red clover in cereals has numerous benefits and is desired. Therefore if controlling weeds in a winter wheat crop under-seeded to red clover, herbicides which minimize clover injury should be used. Bromoxynil/MCPA, MCPA sodium, and MCPA/MCPB products are all registered for use on winter wheat under-seeded to red clover. From 2007–2009, the University of Guelph evaluated the biomass of red clover following winter wheat harvest and after in-crop applications of 7 registered cereal herbicides. Over 19 trials, the order of greatest to least red clover biomass by herbicide was bromoxynil/MCPA > REFINE M > TROPHY > 2,4-D Ester > dichlorprop/2,4-D > TARGET > INFINITY.

A tank-mix of OPTION 2.25 OD at 0.63 L/ac (1.56 L/ha) or ULTIM at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) has provided the best control of dandelion in comparative trials. DISTINCT applied alone provides less visual control then when tank-mixed with OPTION or ULTIM.

Expectation for control: 75–85%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, glyphosate (360 g/L) applied at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) provides suppression of dandelion. The practice of tank-mixing a herbicide like dicamba, dicamba/atrazine or CALLISTO + AATREX 480 with glyphosate has not improved the level of dandelion control in limited comparative trials.

Expectation for control: 65–70%

GUARDIAN (a co-pack of POLARIS + CLASSIC) applied preplant has provided the best control of dandelion in comparative trials with visual control roughly 10% higher than what GUARDIAN PLUS (a co-pack of POLARIS + CLASSIC + VALTERA) has provided.

Comparative trials have shown that INFINITY and dichlorprop/2,4-D products have provided the best control of larger dandelions, however results can be inconsistent especially under dryer soil conditions (visual control range of 50–95% ). Smaller dandelions can be suppressed with REFINE M and 2,4-D (visual control range of 40–75%). The optimal time to control dandelions is post cereal harvest with glyphosate (360 g/L) applied typically in mid September to early October at a rate of 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) if dandelions are 15 cm in diameter or less or at a rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) if dandelions are larger than 15 cm in diameter.

Either OPTION 2.25 OD at 0.63 L/ac (1.56 L/ha), ULTIM at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + non‑ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v, ACCENT at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v or BROADSTRIKE RC have activity on field horsetail but effectiveness varies greatly by population.

Expectation for control: 50–95%

Field horsetail is fairly tolerant to glyphosate. In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, the combination packs (co-packs) of GALAXY 2 (glyphosate + ULTIM) or BROADSTRIKE RC will provide the best opportunity for top growth control of field horsetail. Although MCPA is effective at controlling field horsetail, it is not recommended that MCPA be tank-mixed with glyphosate and applied to emerged corn for the purposes of controlling field horsetail as unacceptable crop injury and yield losses have been observed.

Expectation for control: 50–95%

Either AMITROL 240 at 1.68 L/ac (4.2 L/ha) or glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) + BROADSTRIKE RC at 35 g/ac (87.5 g/ha) applied preplant to soybeans has provided the best control of field horsetail. However, susceptibility of field horsetail to this treatment varies significantly by population.

Expectation for control: 45–99%

Comparative trials have shown that any cereal herbicide that contains the active ingredient MCPA will provide very effective top growth control of field horsetail.

Postemergence applications of ULTIM at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v tank-mixed with either DISTINCT, dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II), dicamba/atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN) or PEAKPLUS has provided the best control in comparative trials.

Expectation for control: 75–95% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, two 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) applications of glyphosate (360 g/L), the first at the 2–3 leaf stage of corn and the second at the 7–8 leaf stage of corn provide the most consistent level of control. A single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) applied at a rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) also provides control but not as consistent as the two application strategy.

Expectation for control: 90–95%

FIRSTRATE at 8.5 g/ac (20.8 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2.5% v/v applied postemergence is the only herbicide to provide suppression of horse nettle in non-GMO (conventional) soybeans.

Expectation for control: 70–85% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, two 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) applications of glyphosate (360 g/L), the first at the 1st trifoliate stage of soybean and the second at the 3rd trifoliate stage of soybean provide the most consistent level of control. A single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at a rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) also provides control but not as consistent as the two application strategy.

Expectation for control: 90–95%

There has been no public research done on horse nettle susceptibility to cereal herbicides. However, limited field experience would suggest that dichlorprop/2,4-D products (e.g. ESTAPROP XT, TURBOPROP, DICHLORPROP D) has some activity on horse nettle. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce horse nettle is with either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after horse nettle has re-grown. Both application timings will decrease the level of horse nettle to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if horse nettle is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.

Refer to management strategies for ALFALFA, page 2 as they apply equally to Black medick.

Preplant incorporated (PPI) applications of either DUAL II MAGNUM at 0.7 L/ac (1.75 L/ha) or FRONTIER MAX at 0.56 L/ac (1.4 L/ha) will suppress nutsedge growth. If either product is not applied PPI, nutsedge control will be reduced. In recent comparative trials, postemergence applications of BASAGRAN FORTE or CALLISTO + AATREX 480 were comparable but provided less than 50% visual control.

Expectation for control: 60–80%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, nutsedge control with glyphosate is greatly affected by rate. A single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) applied at a rate of 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) will provide around 80% visual control of nutsedge whereas the 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) rate will typically provide less than 60% visual control.

Expectation for control (2 L/ac rate): 70–80%

CLASSIC at 14 g/ac (36 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v applied postemergence has provided the best control of nutsedge in comparative trials. In fields with tremendous nutsedge pressure, some producers have opted to preplant incorporate either DUAL II MAGNUM or FRONTIER MAX at their highest labeled rate and then apply CLASSIC postemergence in soybeans.

Expectation for control (with CLASSIC): 90%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, GUARDIAN (a co-pack of POLARIS + CLASSIC) applied postemergence to nutsedge has continually provided the best visual control.

A single application of glyphosate (360 g/L) applied at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) will also provide control of nutsedge but consistently at 10–20% less than GUARDIAN.

Expectation for control: 95%

Typically not a huge problem in winter cereals since cereal growth will provide a level of competition that keeps nutsedge suppressed during the season. The majority of cereal herbicides provide little activity on nutsedge.

In comparative trials postemergence applications of dicamba/atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN) at 1.8 L/ac (4.5 L/ha) has provided the most consistent control of perennial sow-thistle while dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) at 0.5 L/ac (1.25 L/ha) or DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) have also provided good control of perennial sow-thistle.

Expectation for control 80–90% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, glyphosate (360 g/L) applied postemergence at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) will provide good top growth control of perennial sow-thistle. It is not uncommon for perennial sow-thistle to re-grow after an application of glyphosate, therefore requiring follow-up applications.

Expectation for control 85–95% top growth control

In comparative trials all postemergence soybean herbicides can periodically provide some level of perennial sow-thistle control however none do consistently. CLEANSWEEP, BLAZER at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha), BASAGRAN FORTE at 0.9 L/ac (2.25 L/ha) and CLASSIC + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v provide top growth control, but typically sow-thistle will re-grow and be present at harvest. Pre-harvest glyphosate applications will have more impact on reducing perennial sow-thistle populations than any in-crop herbicide.

Expectation for control: 50–70% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, glyphosate (360 g/L) applied postemergence at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) will provide good top growth control of perennial sow-thistle. It is not uncommon for perennial sow-thistle to re-grow after an application of glyphosate, therefore requiring follow-up applications.

Expectation for control 85–95% top growth control

The challenge with perennial sow-thistle control in cereal crops is that the weed often emerges after the appropriate crop stage for herbicide applications. If emerged during the tillering to nodal stage of cereals, dichlorprop/2,4-D, TROPHY and MCPA Ester have provided good top growth control. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce perennial sow-thistle is to use either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after perennial sow-thistle has re-grown. Both application timings will decrease the level of thistles to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if perennial sow-thistle is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.

Either OPTION 2.25 OD at 0.63 L/ac (1.56 L/ha), ULTIM at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + non‑ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v or ACCENT at 13 g/ac (33 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v applied postemergence to quackgrass will provide excellent control.

Expectation for control 90–95% top growth control

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, target actively growing quackgrass that is 10–20 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 90–95%

If quackgrass has emerged before planting, a preplant burndown with glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) should be made.

For quackgrass that has emerged in the soybean crop, postemergence applications of ASSURE II at 0.3 L/ac (0.75 L/ha) + SURE MIX at 0.5% v/v, VENTURE at 0.8 L/ac (2 L/ha) or POAST ULTRA at 0.45 L/ac (1.1 L/ha) + MERGE at 0.8 L/ac (2 L/ha) will provide suppression/control of quackgrass. ASSURE II has been the most consistent of the three in limited comparative trials.

Expectation for control 70–85%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, target actively growing quackgrass that is 10–20 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 90–95%

There are no products available in cereals that will control quackgrass. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce quackgrass is to use either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or an application of glyphosate after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after quackgrass has re-grown. Both application timings will decrease the level of quackgrass to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if quackgrass is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.

In comparative trials either dicamba (i.e. BANVEL II) at 0.25 L/ac (0.625 L/ha), DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v + 28% UAN at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) or CALLISTO at 85 mL/ac (210 mL/ha) + AATREX 480 at 235 mL/ac (580 mL/ha) + non-ionic surfactant at 0.2% v/v have all provided good top growth control of tufted vetch.

Expectation for control: 80–90%

The 2 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) maximum rate of glyphosate listed for use in glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn has only provided 70% visual control of vetch in University of Guelph dose response trials. Tank-mixes of either CALLISTO + AATREX, dicamba/atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN) or dicamba (e.g. BANVEL II) with glyphosate have provided the best level of vetch control in comparative trials. The combination packs (co-packs) of GALAXY 2 (glyphosate + ULTIM) have also provided good control of vetch.

Expectation for control: 85–95%

It is extremely difficult to control a perennial legume weed in an annual legume crop. Of all the herbicide programs tested over the past 10 years, a "two-pass" strategy of applying DUAL II MAGNUM + SENCOR premergence followed by REFLEX + PINNACLE postemergence has provided the best suppression of vetch.

Expectation for control: 50–70%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, the rate listed on the ROUNDUP WEATHERMAX (540 g/L) label of 1.87 L/ac (4.67 L/ha) for the control of volunteer alfalfa offers the best potential for vetch suppression/control.

Expectation for control: 70–80%

The challenge with vetch control in cereal crops is that the weed often emerges after the appropriate crop stage for herbicide applications. If emerged during the tillering to nodal stage of cereals, TROPHY, 2,4-D Ester, MCPA Ester and dichlorprop/2,4-D have all provided some level of top growth control. Post harvest herbicide applications made before the first frost (vetch is sensitive to cold air temperatures and is one of the first species to die off in the fall) are advantageous in decreasing the level of vetch to manage in the following spring. In limited comparative trial work, glyphosate (360 g/L) at 2 L/ac (5 L/ha) tank-mixed with either DISTINCT at 115 g/ac (285 g/ha) or dicamba (i.e. BANVEL II & ORACLE) at 0.5 L/ac (1.25 L/ha) significantly reduced the amount of vetch that emerged the following spring and into the summer.

OPTION 2.25 OD at 0.63 L/ac (1.56 L/ha) provides the best control.

Expectation for control 80–95%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") corn, target actively growing wire-stemmed muhly that is 10–20 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 80–95%

If wire-stemmed muhly has emerged before planting, a preplant burndown with glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) should be made.

For wire-stemmed muhly that has emerged in the soybean crop, VENTURE at 0.8 L/ac (2 L/ha) will provide the best suppression/control of wire-stemmed muhly.

Expectation for control 75–95%

In glyphosate tolerant ("Roundup Ready") soybean, target actively growing wire-stemmed muhly that is 10–20 cm in height with an application of glyphosate (360 g/L) at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha).

Expectation for control: 80–95%

There are no products available in cereals that will control wire-stemmed muhly. The single most important management practice that a grower can implement to reduce this weed is to use either a pre-harvest glyphosate (360 g/L) application at 1 L/ac (2.5 L/ha) or an application of glyphosate after cereal harvest, typically in mid to late September, after wire-stemmed muhly has re-grown. Both application timings will decrease the level of wire-stemmed muhly to manage in the following spring. A pre-harvest application is preferred if wire-stemmed muhly is at a population density that is problematic for harvesting.